Templated polypyrrole electro-polymerization: Self-assembled bundles of bilayer membranes of amphiphiles and their actuation behavior

The electrochemical properties of conducting polymers are highly dependent on the microstructure. We report a method to produce specific microstructures of polypyrrole through electro-polymerization in the presence of the amphiphile N-{11-(2hydroxyethyldimethylammonium)undecanoyl}-N,N′-dioctyl-l-glutamate, bromide, which forms supramolecular hydrogels with pyrrole in aqueous solution. These hydrogels were used as templates during polypyrrole electro-polymerization to give microstructures composed of the bundles of bilayer membranes. The highly porous nature of these films resulted in electrochemical properties superior to polypyrrole deposited under the same condition without use of an amphiphilic template. Analysis of the scan rate dependence on cyclic voltammogram reveals that the porous templated films facilitate fast diffusion of dopant ions. The actuation properties were also investigated in aqueous solutions containing sodium p-toluene sulfonate electrolyte. The strains displayed by the template polypyrrole films were twice those synthesized without the use of a template. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.